Lacrimal System Anatomy

The lacrimal system produces, distributes, and drains tears. A healthy tear film is essential for corneal health, clear vision, and comfort. When any part of the drainage pathway is obstructed, tears overflow onto the cheek (epiphora) and may become a source of chronic infection.

Overview

The lacrimal system has two functional components: the secretory system (which produces tears) and the excretory system (which drains them). The two components must be in balance — inadequate drainage causes overflow, while inadequate production causes dry eye.

Tears flow across the ocular surface from lateral to medial with each blink, collecting in the medial lake (lacus lacrimalis) near the inner corner of the eye. They then enter the drainage system through small openings at the inner edge of each lid margin.

Tear Film & Production

The tear film is a three-layer structure essential for optical clarity and corneal nutrition:

Lipid Layer (outer)

Source: Meibomian glands (in tarsal plate)

Prevents evaporation; stabilizes the tear film

Aqueous Layer (middle)

Source: Lacrimal gland & accessory glands (Krause, Wolfring)

Provides oxygen, nutrients, and antibacterial proteins to the cornea

Mucin Layer (inner)

Source: Goblet cells (conjunctiva)

Anchors the tear film to the hydrophobic corneal epithelium

Lacrimal gland location: The main lacrimal gland sits in the superolateral orbit in the lacrimal fossa of the frontal bone. It is divided into orbital and palpebral lobes by the lateral horn of the levator aponeurosis. During upper eyelid blepharoplasty, the lacrimal gland is occasionally prolapsed and can be mistaken for orbital fat — careful identification is essential.

The Complete Drainage Pathway

Tears drain through a series of structures from the ocular surface into the nasal cavity:

1
Puncta
Two small oval openings — one on the upper lid and one on the lower lid — located at the medial end of each lid margin on a small elevation called the lacrimal papilla. Each is approximately 0.3 mm in diameter. Punctal stenosis (narrowing) is a common cause of tearing.
2
Canaliculi
Narrow tubular channels leading from each punctum to the lacrimal sac. Each canaliculus has a short vertical portion (2 mm) then turns medially for a horizontal portion (8–10 mm). The upper and lower canaliculi typically join into a common canaliculus (90% of people) before entering the lacrimal sac.
3
Valve of Rosenmuller
A mucosal fold at the junction of the common canaliculus and lacrimal sac that acts as a one-way valve, preventing reflux of tears back from the sac into the canaliculi.
4
Lacrimal Sac
A small reservoir (12–15 mm tall, 4–8 mm wide) lying in the lacrimal fossa — a groove in the medial orbital wall formed by the lacrimal bone and frontal process of the maxilla. The sac sits anterior to the orbital septum, between the anterior and posterior limbs of the medial canthal tendon.
5
Nasolacrimal Duct
A bony canal approximately 12–18 mm long running inferolaterally within the maxillary bone to open into the inferior nasal meatus. Its lower end is guarded by the valve of Hasner — a mucosal fold that prevents nasal air from blowing back up the duct. This valve fails to open in congenital NLDO.

Puncta & Canaliculi — Detailed Anatomy

Punctal Anatomy

• Upper punctum: 6 mm from medial canthus on the lid margin
• Lower punctum: 6.5 mm from medial canthus (slightly more lateral)
• Normally faces posteriorly toward the eye, touching the tear lake
• Eversion (pointing away) with ectropion causes functional obstruction

Canalicular Anatomy

• Lined by non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium
• 90%: upper + lower canaliculi join into a common canaliculus
• 10%: enter the sac separately
• Lower canaliculus most commonly involved in trauma

Clinical importance: Any laceration medial to the punctum carries a high risk of canalicular involvement. Canalicular lacerations must be repaired within 24–48 hours with a silicone stent to maintain luminal patency during healing.

Lacrimal Sac

The lacrimal sac lies in the lacrimal fossa at the medial orbital wall. It is the target structure in dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) surgery, in which a new bony window is created between the sac and the nasal cavity.

Anatomical Relations

• Anterior: anterior limb of medial canthal tendon, skin
• Posterior: Horner's muscle, orbital septum
• Medial: lacrimal bone (0.1 mm thin) then ethmoid sinuses
• Superior: fundus of sac extends above MCT (key DCR landmark)

Sac Pathology

• Mucocele: distended sac from chronic NLDO
• Acute dacryocystitis: infected, painful medial mass
• Dacryolithiasis: calcium concretions within the sac
• Lacrimal sac tumors: rare; present with bloody epiphora

Nasolacrimal Duct

The nasolacrimal duct (NLD) runs inferiorly within the bony nasolacrimal canal, angled slightly laterally and posteriorly. It is entirely enclosed in bone for most of its length before opening into the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity.

Length & diameter

12–18 mm long; 3–4 mm inner diameter. The bony canal is formed by the maxilla, lacrimal bone, and inferior nasal concha.

Narrowest point

The isthmus — a natural narrowing just above the valve of Hasner. This is the most common site of acquired NLDO (Primary Acquired Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction / PANDO).

Valve of Hasner

A mucosal fold at the distal opening into the inferior nasal meatus. Failure to fully canalize before birth causes congenital NLDO (CNLDO) — present in ~6% of newborns. Most cases resolve spontaneously by age 12 months.

Surgical relevance

In endoscopic DCR, the nasolacrimal duct is bypassed entirely — a new bony ostium (rhinostomy) is created directly between the lacrimal sac and the nasal cavity above the level of the NLD insertion.

The Lacrimal Pump

Tear drainage is not passive — it depends on an active pumping mechanism powered by the orbicularis oculi muscle with each blink.

Blink Cycle — How the Pump Works

1
Eyelid closing
Orbicularis contraction (Horner's muscle) shortens and compresses the canaliculi, creating positive pressure that propels tears into the lacrimal sac.
2
Eyelid opening
Relaxation of orbicularis creates negative pressure in the canaliculi, drawing tears from the puncta into the canaliculi.
3
Gravity & ciliary action
Between blinks, gravity and the ciliated epithelium lining the NLD help propel tears distally toward the nasal cavity.

Clinical Relevance

Punctal stenosis

Site: Punctum

Punctal dilation or 3-snip punctoplasty →

Canalicular obstruction

Site: Canaliculus

Silicone intubation / Jones tube (CDCR) →

Dacryocystitis

Site: Lacrimal sac

Antibiotics + DCR surgery →

Congenital NLDO

Site: Valve of Hasner

Probing, intubation, or DCR →

Acquired NLDO (PANDO)

Site: NLD isthmus

Endoscopic or external DCR →

Functional epiphora

Site: Lacrimal pump

Eyelid tightening / ectropion repair →

Canalicular laceration

Site: Lower canaliculus

Stent + microsurgical repair within 48 hrs →

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Lacrimal Anatomy — Tear Drainage System | Noel D. Saks, MD, MD | EyePlastics